Safeguards That Protect Patient Wellbeing

Safeguards That Protect Patient Wellbeing

Here's the article outline for 'Understanding Common Fee Structures in Orthodontics' focusing on orthodontic treatment for kids:

Safeguards That Protect Patient Wellbeing in Pediatric Orthodontic Care


Ensuring the safety and comfort of young patients during orthodontic treatment is a critical responsibility that goes far beyond simply straightening teeth. Parents and orthodontic professionals must work together to create a comprehensive approach to patient wellbeing that addresses physical, emotional, and psychological aspects of care.


First and foremost, thorough initial assessments are crucial. Before any treatment begins, a comprehensive examination helps identify potential risks and develop a personalized treatment plan. This includes detailed medical history reviews, careful evaluation of oral development, and consideration of the child's unique physical and emotional needs.


Thumb-sucking habits can affect the alignment of a child's teeth Pediatric orthodontic care pediatric dentistry.

Radiation safety is another key concern. Modern orthodontic practices use digital X-ray technologies that minimize radiation exposure, ensuring that diagnostic imaging remains both effective and safe for young patients. Protective lead aprons and advanced imaging techniques help reduce unnecessary radiation while providing essential diagnostic information.


Emotional support plays a significant role in patient wellbeing. Orthodontists trained in pediatric care understand the importance of creating a welcoming, non-threatening environment. They use age-appropriate communication techniques to help children feel comfortable and less anxious about their treatment. This might include simple explanations, positive reinforcement, and creating a friendly office atmosphere.


Pain management is another critical safeguard. Modern orthodontic techniques focus on minimizing discomfort through gentle approaches, appropriate medication when necessary, and careful adjustment protocols. Orthodontists work to ensure that any temporary discomfort is managed effectively and compassionately.


Infection control represents a fundamental safety measure. Rigorous sterilization protocols, use of disposable materials, and strict hygiene practices protect patients from potential health risks. This includes thorough cleaning of equipment, use of personal protective gear, and maintaining a pristine clinical environment.


Ongoing monitoring is essential throughout the treatment process. Regular check-ups allow orthodontists to track progress, address any potential complications early, and make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan. This proactive approach ensures that the patient's health and comfort remain the top priority.


Informed consent and patient education form another crucial safeguard. Parents and children are fully informed about treatment options, potential risks, and expected outcomes. This transparency helps build trust and ensures that families are active participants in the treatment process.


Technology also plays an increasingly important role in patient safety. Advanced diagnostic tools, 3D imaging, and computer-assisted treatment planning help orthodontists develop more precise and less invasive treatment approaches.


Ultimately, protecting patient wellbeing is a holistic approach that combines medical expertise, compassionate care, advanced technology, and a deep commitment to the child's overall health and comfort. By prioritizing these safeguards, orthodontic professionals can provide treatment that not only improves dental alignment but also supports the child's physical and emotional development.


Parents seeking orthodontic care for their children should look for practitioners who demonstrate a comprehensive approach to patient safety and wellbeing, ensuring that their child receives the highest standard of care.

Initial Comprehensive Health Screening: A Critical First Step in Orthodontic Care


When it comes to orthodontic treatment, patient safety isn't just a checkbox-it's the foundation of responsible healthcare. The initial comprehensive health screening represents a crucial preliminary step that goes far beyond a simple medical questionnaire.


Imagine walking into an orthodontic clinic where your entire health history is carefully examined, not just as a formality, but as a genuine commitment to your well-being. This screening process is like a detailed roadmap that helps healthcare professionals understand your unique physiological landscape before any treatment begins.


During this comprehensive assessment, orthodontists look beyond just your teeth. They're investigating potential underlying health conditions that might impact treatment effectiveness or pose risks. This could include examining your cardiovascular health, checking for autoimmune disorders, evaluating bone density, and assessing your overall physical and mental health status.


For instance, certain medical conditions like diabetes, osteoporosis, or immune system disorders can significantly influence how your body responds to orthodontic interventions. Some medications might also interact with treatment protocols, making this initial screening absolutely essential.


The screening typically involves a multi-layered approach: detailed medical history review, physical examinations, potential diagnostic tests, and in-depth discussions about your health goals and concerns. It's a collaborative process where patient transparency meets professional expertise.


By conducting this thorough initial assessment, orthodontic professionals demonstrate their commitment to personalized, safe, and effective treatment. It's not just about creating a beautiful smile-it's about ensuring that journey is as safe and comfortable as possible for each unique individual.

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Insurance Coverage and Impact on Orthodontic Expenses

When it comes to pediatric medical care, communicating effectively with children about treatment procedures is crucial for their emotional well-being and overall healthcare experience. Age-appropriate communication strategies play a vital role in helping young patients understand what's happening, reducing their anxiety, and empowering them to participate in their own medical journey.


Children are not simply small adults; they process information differently at various developmental stages. A one-size-fits-all approach simply doesn't work. For younger children, using simple language, visual aids, and even medical play can help demystify scary medical procedures. Imagine explaining a blood draw by comparing it to a tiny superhero mission or using dolls to demonstrate what will happen.


For older children and teenagers, more detailed explanations that respect their growing capacity for understanding become important. Healthcare providers can use interactive techniques like asking questions, encouraging children to share their feelings, and providing age-appropriate explanations about why specific treatments are necessary.


The goal is to create a safe, supportive environment where children feel heard and understood. By breaking down complex medical information into digestible pieces, medical professionals can help children feel more in control and less frightened. This approach not only reduces immediate anxiety but also helps build long-term positive attitudes toward healthcare.


Techniques like using child-friendly language, showing empathy, allowing children to ask questions, and involving them in decision-making processes can significantly improve their medical experience. When children understand what's happening to their bodies, they're more likely to cooperate with treatments and feel more emotionally secure.


Ultimately, age-appropriate communication is about respecting children as individuals and recognizing their right to understand their own medical care. It's a compassionate approach that acknowledges their feelings, fears, and natural curiosity about their health.

Payment Plan Options for Pediatric Orthodontic Care

Implementing Pain Management Protocols in Orthodontic Care


Orthodontic treatments can be a source of anxiety and discomfort for many patients, especially children. Recognizing this challenge, modern orthodontic practices have developed comprehensive pain management strategies that prioritize patient comfort and emotional well-being.


The key to successful pain management lies in a multi-faceted approach that combines both physical and psychological techniques. Dentists and orthodontists now understand that managing pain is about more than just medical intervention - it's about creating a supportive and reassuring environment.


One critical aspect of these protocols involves using advanced pain reduction techniques. This might include topical anesthetic gels, gentle adjustment methods, and carefully timed medication strategies. For children, practitioners often employ child-friendly approaches that transform a potentially scary experience into something less intimidating.


Communication plays a crucial role in this process. Orthodontists now take time to explain procedures in age-appropriate language, helping young patients understand what to expect. This transparency helps reduce anxiety and builds trust between the patient and healthcare provider.


Technological innovations have also contributed significantly to pain management. Smaller, more ergonomic orthodontic tools and precision adjustment techniques minimize discomfort during procedures. Additionally, many clinics now offer distraction techniques like interactive screens, music, or guided relaxation to help patients feel more at ease.


The goal is always to create a holistic experience that addresses both physical and emotional needs. By implementing these compassionate, patient-centered protocols, orthodontic care can become a much less stressful journey for children and their families.


Ultimately, modern pain management in orthodontics represents a beautiful intersection of medical expertise, technological innovation, and genuine human compassion.

Factors Influencing Orthodontic Treatment Costs

Regular monitoring of dental and psychological development is a crucial aspect of comprehensive patient care, especially when dealing with complex treatment plans. This approach goes far beyond simple medical checkups, representing a holistic strategy that addresses both the physical and emotional dimensions of a patient's health journey.


By consistently tracking dental progress, healthcare professionals can identify potential issues early, preventing minor concerns from developing into more significant complications. This proactive approach allows for timely interventions and adjustments to treatment protocols. Simultaneously, psychological monitoring ensures that patients are emotionally supported throughout their medical experience.


The emotional impact of dental treatments can be substantial. Some patients experience anxiety, fear, or stress related to dental procedures. Regular psychological assessments help healthcare providers understand these emotional challenges, offering targeted support and coping strategies. This might involve counseling, relaxation techniques, or tailored communication approaches that help patients feel more comfortable and confident.


For younger patients or those undergoing extensive treatments, this comprehensive monitoring becomes even more critical. Developmental tracking allows professionals to understand how treatments might affect growth, self-esteem, and overall psychological well-being. By maintaining open communication and regular check-ins, healthcare teams can create a supportive environment that promotes both physical healing and emotional resilience.


Ultimately, this approach transforms medical care from a transactional experience into a compassionate, patient-centered journey. It recognizes that true healing involves more than just addressing physical symptoms-it requires understanding and supporting the whole person.

Comparing Different Orthodontic Practices and Their Pricing Strategies

Ensuring the safety of young patients during orthodontic imaging is a critical responsibility that requires meticulous attention to radiation exposure. Pediatric patients are particularly vulnerable to potential long-term effects of radiation, making strict adherence to safety guidelines not just a professional obligation, but a moral imperative.


Modern orthodontic practices recognize the delicate balance between obtaining necessary diagnostic information and minimizing radiation risk. This begins with using the most advanced, low-dose imaging technologies available. Digital radiography has been a game-changer, significantly reducing radiation exposure compared to traditional film-based methods.


Practitioners must implement several key protective strategies. This includes using lead aprons and thyroid collars to shield sensitive areas, carefully selecting the smallest possible radiation field, and using the lowest possible radiation dose that still provides diagnostic quality images. Each exposure must be carefully justified, ensuring that the potential diagnostic benefit outweighs any potential risk.


Age-specific protocols are crucial. Children's developing bodies are more sensitive to radiation, so the approach must be far more conservative than with adult patients. Orthodontists should follow the ALARA principle - As Low As Reasonably Achievable - which means constantly evaluating and minimizing radiation exposure.


Training and ongoing education play a vital role in maintaining these high safety standards. Dental professionals must stay current with the latest research and technological advances in radiation safety. This includes understanding the cumulative effects of radiation and being able to explain these risks clearly to parents and guardians.


Ultimately, protecting young patients goes beyond technical protocols. It requires a compassionate, patient-centered approach that prioritizes their long-term health and well-being. By maintaining rigorous safety standards, orthodontic professionals can provide essential diagnostic care while minimizing potential risks.

Additional Fees and Potential Hidden Expenses in Orthodontic Treatment

In the realm of pediatric healthcare, the concept of customized treatment plans has emerged as a critical approach to ensuring the best possible outcomes for young patients. Gone are the days of one-size-fits-all medical interventions. Today, healthcare professionals recognize that each child is a unique individual with distinct physiological and developmental characteristics that demand personalized attention.


Imagine a young patient not as a medical case, but as a complex, evolving human being. Every child's body responds differently to treatments, medications, and interventions. Factors like genetic makeup, previous medical history, current developmental stage, and individual physiological responses play crucial roles in determining the most effective medical approach.


Customized treatment plans begin with comprehensive assessments that go far beyond standard medical examinations. Doctors and healthcare providers now use advanced diagnostic tools and in-depth evaluations to create a holistic understanding of each child's specific health profile. This might involve genetic testing, detailed developmental screenings, and careful analysis of how a child's body might react to different treatment options.


For instance, a medication that works perfectly for one child might have adverse effects on another. By tailoring treatment plans, medical professionals can minimize risks, maximize effectiveness, and ensure that each child receives care that is precisely suited to their individual needs. This approach is particularly important in areas like pediatric oncology, chronic disease management, and developmental interventions.


Moreover, these personalized plans take into account not just the physical aspects of treatment, but also the psychological and emotional well-being of the child. Understanding a child's unique developmental stage helps healthcare providers create treatment strategies that are not only medically sound but also emotionally supportive.


The result is a more compassionate, effective, and patient-centered approach to healthcare. Children are no longer seen as passive recipients of medical treatment, but as active participants in their own healing journey. This approach empowers families and young patients, giving them confidence and hope in the face of medical challenges.


As medical technology continues to advance, the potential for even more precise and personalized treatment plans grows. It's an exciting time in pediatric healthcare, where the focus is shifting from treating symptoms to understanding and supporting each child's unique path to health and wellness.

Comprehensive Infection Control: Safeguarding Patient Wellbeing


In the intricate world of healthcare, protecting patients from potential infections is more than just a protocol-it's a critical mission that demands unwavering attention and meticulous strategy. Comprehensive infection control measures are the frontline defense in creating a safe clinical environment where healing can occur without the additional risk of cross-contamination.


At the heart of these measures is a multi-layered approach that begins with something as simple yet crucial as hand hygiene. Healthcare professionals understand that their hands can be unintentional vectors of dangerous pathogens. Rigorous handwashing, using alcohol-based sanitizers, and wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) are fundamental practices that create an invisible shield against potential infections.


The physical environment itself plays a significant role in infection prevention. Hospitals and clinics now design spaces with infection control in mind, implementing advanced ventilation systems, using antimicrobial surfaces, and establishing strict cleaning and disinfection protocols. Every surface, from waiting room chairs to surgical instruments, becomes a potential battleground against harmful microorganisms.


Advanced technologies have also revolutionized infection control. UV light sterilization, automated cleaning robots, and sophisticated air filtration systems provide an extra layer of protection beyond traditional cleaning methods. These innovations help reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections, which can be particularly dangerous for vulnerable patients.


Staff training and continuous education are equally vital. Healthcare workers must stay updated on the latest infection control guidelines, understanding how to properly use protective equipment, manage potential exposure risks, and quickly respond to potential outbreak scenarios.


Patient screening, isolation protocols, and careful management of medical equipment further strengthen these protective strategies. Each step is carefully designed to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission, creating a comprehensive safety net that protects both patients and healthcare providers.


Ultimately, comprehensive infection control is about creating a culture of safety-a holistic approach that recognizes every interaction, every surface, and every procedure as an opportunity to prevent potential harm. It's a testament to healthcare's commitment to not just treating illness, but preventing its spread.

Parental education and involvement play a crucial role in supporting a child's orthodontic journey and ensuring successful treatment outcomes. When parents are actively engaged and informed, they become powerful allies in maintaining consistent home care practices that protect their child's oral health and treatment progress.


The orthodontic process can be complex and overwhelming for children, which is why parental guidance is so important. By attending appointments together, parents can learn directly from orthodontic professionals about specific care techniques, understand treatment goals, and help their child feel more comfortable and confident throughout the process.


Home care practices are fundamental to the success of orthodontic treatment. Parents can help their children develop robust oral hygiene routines by demonstrating proper brushing and flossing techniques around braces or aligners. This includes teaching techniques for cleaning hard-to-reach areas, understanding the importance of consistent cleaning, and monitoring their child's daily oral care habits.


Education extends beyond just technical skills. Parents can help their children understand the long-term benefits of orthodontic treatment, maintaining motivation and compliance. By creating a supportive and positive environment, parents can transform what might seem like a challenging experience into an opportunity for personal growth and improved self-confidence.


Regular communication with the orthodontic team is another critical aspect of parental involvement. By staying informed about treatment progress, potential challenges, and recommended home care strategies, parents can provide targeted support and reinforcement.


Ultimately, when parents are actively engaged and knowledgeable, children are more likely to have successful orthodontic outcomes, develop lifelong oral health habits, and feel supported throughout their treatment journey.

For other uses, see Thumbsucker (disambiguation).
Infants may use pacifiers or their thumb or fingers to soothe themselves
Newborn baby thumb sucking
A bonnet macaque thumb sucking

Thumb sucking is a behavior found in humans, chimpanzees, captive ring-tailed lemurs,[1] and other primates.[2] It usually involves placing the thumb into the mouth and rhythmically repeating sucking contact for a prolonged duration. It can also be accomplished with any organ within reach (such as other fingers and toes) and is considered to be soothing and therapeutic for the person. As a child develops the habit, it will usually develop a "favourite" finger to suck on.

At birth, a baby will reflexively suck any object placed in its mouth; this is the sucking reflex responsible for breastfeeding. From the first time they engage in nutritive feeding, infants learn that the habit can not only provide valuable nourishment, but also a great deal of pleasure, comfort, and warmth. Whether from a mother, bottle, or pacifier, this behavior, over time, begins to become associated with a very strong, self-soothing, and pleasurable oral sensation. As the child grows older, and is eventually weaned off the nutritional sucking, they can either develop alternative means for receiving those same feelings of physical and emotional fulfillment, or they can continue experiencing those pleasantly soothing experiences by beginning to suck their thumbs or fingers.[3] This reflex disappears at about 4 months of age; thumb sucking is not purely an instinctive behavior and therefore can last much longer.[4] Moreover, ultrasound scans have revealed that thumb sucking can start before birth, as early as 15 weeks from conception; whether this behavior is voluntary or due to random movements of the fetus in the womb is not conclusively known.

Thumb sucking generally stops by the age of 4 years. Some older children will retain the habit, which can cause severe dental problems.[5] While most dentists would recommend breaking the habit as early as possible, it has been shown that as long as the habit is broken before the onset of permanent teeth, at around 5 years old, the damage is reversible.[6] Thumb sucking is sometimes retained into adulthood and may be due to simply habit continuation. Using anatomical and neurophysiological data a study has found that sucking the thumb is said to stimulate receptors within the brain which cause the release of mental and physical tension.[7]

Dental problems and prevention

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Alveolar prognathism, caused by thumb sucking and tongue thrusting in a 7-year-old girl.

Percentage of children who suck their thumbs (data from two researchers)

Age Kantorowicz[4] Brückl[8]
0–1 92% 66%
1–2 93%
2–3 87% –
3–4 86% 25%
4–5 85%
5–6 76%
Over 6 — 9%

Most children stop sucking on thumbs, pacifiers or other objects on their own between 2 and 4 years of age. No harm is done to their teeth or jaws until permanent teeth start to erupt. The only time it might cause concern is if it goes on beyond 6 to 8 years of age. At this time, it may affect the shape of the oral cavity or dentition.[9] During thumbsucking the tongue sits in a lowered position and so no longer balances the forces from the buccal group of musculature. This results in narrowing of the upper arch and a posterior crossbite. Thumbsucking can also cause the maxillary central incisors to tip labially and the mandibular incisors to tip lingually, resulting in an increased overjet and anterior open bite malocclusion, as the thumb rests on them during the course of sucking. In addition to proclination of the maxillary incisors, mandibular incisors retrusion will also happen. Transverse maxillary deficiency gives rise to posterior crossbite, ultimately leading to a Class II malocclusion.[10]

Children may experience difficulty in swallowing and speech patterns due to the adverse changes. Aside from the damaging physical aspects of thumb sucking, there are also additional risks, which unfortunately, are present at all ages. These include increased risk of infection from communicable diseases, due to the simple fact that non-sterile thumbs are covered with infectious agents, as well as many social implications. Some children experience social difficulties, as often children are taunted by their peers for engaging in what they can consider to be an “immature” habit. This taunting often results the child being rejected by the group or being subjected to ridicule by their peers, which can cause understandable psychological stress.[11]

Methods to stop sucking habits are divided into 2 categories: Preventive Therapy and Appliance Therapy.[10]

Examples to prevent their children from sucking their thumbs include the use of bitterants or piquant substances on their child's hands—although this is not a procedure encouraged by the American Dental Association[9] or the Association of Pediatric Dentists. Some suggest that positive reinforcements or calendar rewards be given to encourage the child to stop sucking their thumb.

The American Dental Association recommends:

  • Praise children for not sucking, instead of scolding them when they do.
  • If a child is sucking their thumb when feeling insecure or needing comfort, focus instead on correcting the cause of the anxiety and provide comfort to your child.
  • If a child is sucking on their thumb because of boredom, try getting the child's attention with a fun activity.
  • Involve older children in the selection of a means to cease thumb sucking.
  • The pediatric dentist can offer encouragement to the child and explain what could happen to the child's teeth if he/she does not stop sucking.
  • Only if these tips are ineffective, remind the child of the habit by bandaging the thumb or putting a sock/glove on the hand at night.
  • Other orthodontics[12] for appliances are available.

The British Orthodontic Society recommends the same advice as ADA.[13]

A Cochrane review was conducted to review the effectiveness of a variety of clinical interventions for stopping thumb-sucking. The study showed that orthodontic appliances and psychological interventions (positive and negative reinforcement) were successful at preventing thumb sucking in both the short and long term, compared to no treatment.[14] Psychological interventions such as habit reversal training and decoupling have also proven useful in body focused repetitive behaviors.[15]

Clinical studies have shown that appliances such as TGuards can be 90% effective in breaking the thumb or finger sucking habit. Rather than use bitterants or piquants, which are not endorsed by the ADA due to their causing of discomfort or pain, TGuards break the habit simply by removing the suction responsible for generating the feelings of comfort and nurture.[16] Other appliances are available, such as fabric thumb guards, each having their own benefits and features depending on the child's age, willpower and motivation. Fixed intraoral appliances have been known to create problems during eating as children when removing their appliances may have a risk of breaking them. Children with mental illness may have reduced compliance.[10]

Some studies mention the use of extra-oral habit reminder appliance to treat thumb sucking. An alarm is triggered when the child tries to suck the thumb to stop the child from this habit.[10][17] However, more studies are required to prove the effectiveness of external devices on thumb sucking.

Children's books

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  • In Heinrich Hoffmann’s Struwwelpeter, the "thumb-sucker" Konrad is punished by having both of his thumbs cut off.
  • There are several children's books on the market with the intention to help the child break the habit of thumb sucking. Most of them provide a story the child can relate to and some coping strategies.[18] Experts recommend to use only books in which the topic of thumb sucking is shown in a positive and respectful way.[19]

See also

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  • Stereotypic movement disorder
  • Prognathism

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jolly A (1966). Lemur Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-226-40552-0.
  2. ^ Benjamin, Lorna S.: "The Beginning of Thumbsucking." Child Development, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Dec., 1967), pp. 1065–1078.
  3. ^ "About the Thumb Sucking Habit". Tguard.
  4. ^ a b Kantorowicz A (June 1955). "Die Bedeutung des Lutschens für die Entstehung erworbener Fehlbildungen". Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 16 (2): 109–21. doi:10.1007/BF02165710. S2CID 28204791.
  5. ^ O'Connor A (27 September 2005). "The Claim: Thumb Sucking Can Lead to Buck Teeth". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  6. ^ Friman PC, McPherson KM, Warzak WJ, Evans J (April 1993). "Influence of thumb sucking on peer social acceptance in first-grade children". Pediatrics. 91 (4): 784–6. doi:10.1542/peds.91.4.784. PMID 8464667.
  7. ^ Ferrante A, Ferrante A (August 2015). "[Finger or thumb sucking. New interpretations and therapeutic implications]". Minerva Pediatrica (in Italian). 67 (4): 285–97. PMID 26129804.
  8. ^ Reichenbach E, Brückl H (1982). "Lehrbuch der Kieferorthopädie Bd. 1962;3:315-26.". Kieferorthopädische Klinik und Therapie Zahnärzliche Fortbildung. 5. Auflage Verlag. JA Barth Leipzig" alıntı Schulze G.
  9. ^ a b "Thumbsucking - American Dental Association". Archived from the original on 2010-06-19. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  10. ^ a b c d Shetty RM, Shetty M, Shetty NS, Deoghare A (2015). "Three-Alarm System: Revisited to treat Thumb-sucking Habit". International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 8 (1): 82–6. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1289. PMC 4472878. PMID 26124588.
  11. ^ Fukuta O, Braham RL, Yokoi K, Kurosu K (1996). "Damage to the primary dentition resulting from thumb and finger (digit) sucking". ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children. 63 (6): 403–7. PMID 9017172.
  12. ^ "Stop Thumb Sucking". Stop Thumb Sucking.org.
  13. ^ "Dummy and thumb sucking habits" (PDF). Patient Information Leaflet. British Orthodontic Society.
  14. ^ Borrie FR, Bearn DR, Innes NP, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z (March 2015). "Interventions for the cessation of non-nutritive sucking habits in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (3): CD008694. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008694.pub2. PMC 8482062. PMID 25825863.
  15. ^ Lee MT, Mpavaenda DN, Fineberg NA (2019-04-24). "Habit Reversal Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and CONSORT Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 13: 79. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00079. PMC 6491945. PMID 31105537.
  16. ^ "Unique Thumb with Lock Band to Deter Child from Thumb Sucking". Clinical Research Associates Newsletter. 19 (6). June 1995.
  17. ^ Krishnappa S, Rani MS, Aariz S (2016). "New electronic habit reminder for the management of thumb-sucking habit". Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 34 (3): 294–7. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.186750. PMID 27461817. S2CID 22658574.
  18. ^ "Books on the Subject of Thumb-Sucking". Thumb-Heroes. 9 December 2020.
  19. ^ Stevens Mills, Christine (2018). Two Thumbs Up - Understanding and Treatment of Thumb Sucking. ISBN 978-1-5489-2425-6.

Further reading

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  • "Duration of pacifier use, thumb sucking may affect dental arches". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 133 (12): 1610–1612. December 2002. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0102.
  • Mobbs E, Crarf GT (2011). Latchment Before Attachment, The First Stage of Emotional Development, Oral Tactile Imprinting. Westmead.
[edit]
  • "Oral Health Topics: Thumbsucking". American Dental Association. Archived from the original on 2010-06-19.
  • "Pacifiers & Thumb Sucking". Canadian Dental Association.

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